Pertelaan Tentang-BROTOWALI (Tinospora crispa)

Pertelaan Brotowali (Tinospora Crispa) Ini merupakan tugas kuliah sebagai syarat untuk mengikuti Responsi Peraktikum Mata Kuiah Sistem Perkembangan Tumbuhan (SPT).Tugas Pertelaan ini besisi Tentang :

1. Klasifikasi

2. Nama Lokal (Luar & Dalam Negeri)

3. Deskripsi Jasad

   Deskripsi jasad meliputi : Deskripsi Perawakan secara umum,Deskripsi Akar, Batang, Daun, Bunga,Buah dan Biji.

4. Informasi Tambahan

   Informasi tambahan mengenai Brotowali (Tinospora Crispa) Meliputi : Asal usul penyebaran Brotowali,Wilayah Agihan Geografi,Data ekologi,Keragaman Brotowali yang terdeteksi sampai sekarang,Iformasi fitokimia (zat-zat kimia yang terkandung dalam Brotowali),Perbanyakan (Bagaimana cara perbanyakan Tanaman Brotowali),Manfaat Tradisional dan Moderen, Nilai Keunggulan dari Brotowali, dan masa panen.

5. Ilustrasi Jasad Berupa Gambar

   Ilustrasi Gamabr Keseluruhan Brotowali, Daun Brotowali dan Batang Brotowali.

6. Daftar Pustaka

   Download Pertelaan.pdf

Download juga tugas pertelaan lain :

1. PERTELAAN TEMULAWAK.pdf
2. PERTELAAN MENGKUDU.pdf

Perbedaan Antara Crocodile Dan Alligator

• POSTER PERBANDINGAN CRANIUM ALIGATOR DENGAN CROCODILE

Crocodiles and alligators – two creatures that share many similarities. But what are the real differences between them? This is probably the most frequently asked question when it comes to crocodilians, and while the answer may appear straightforward the real truths lie in the details. okay..there are differentations between crocodile and Alligator.

• Different families

There are three groups (families) of crocodilians: the alligatoridae, which includes the alligator and the caimans; the crocodylidae, which includes the “true” crocodiles; and the gavialidae, which contains only the gharial. So, the first difference is that alligators and crocodiles are actually in different families.

• Shape of the jaw

The easiest way of telling apart crocodiles from alligators, however, is to look at their noses. Alligators (and caimans) have a wide “U”-shaped, rounded snout (like a shovel), whereas crocodiles tend to have longer and more pointed “V”-shaped noses. This is illustrated in the diagram to the left (C = alligator, D = crocodile). The broad snout of alligators is designed for strength, capable of withstanding the stress caused to bone when massive force is applied to crack open turtles and hard-shelled invertebrates which form part of their diet. Of course, alligators eat softer prey too, but hard-shelled prey are ubiquitous in their environment and it’s a big advantage to be able to eat them. Conversely, the pointed snout of a crocodile isn’t quite as strong as the alligatorine shape, but the crocodile is still capable of exerting massive biting power. Crocodile jaws can be thought of as being more generalised – ideal for a wide variety of prey. The full extent of the way jaw shape influences diet isn’t particularly well studied in crocodilians, but it’s obvious that a very thin nose like a gharial’s is much better at dealing with a fish than a turtle! There are 23 species of crocodilians, though, and this simple broad vs. narrow rule doesn’t always work.

• Placement of teeth

In alligators, the upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw and completely overlaps it. Therefore, the teeth in the lower jaw are almost completely hidden when the mouth closes, fitting neatly into small depressions or sockets in the upper jaw. This is particularly apparent with the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw (see [A] in diagram on right). In crocodiles, the upper jaw and lower jaw are approximately the same width, and so teeth in the lower jaw fit along the margin of the upper jaw when the mouth is closed. Therefore, the upper teeth interlock (and “interdigitate”) with the lower teeth when the mouth shuts. As the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw also fits outside the upper jaw, there is a well-defined constriction in the upper jaw behind the nostrils to accommodate it when the mouth is closed (see [B] in diagram on right). This constriction occurs at the boundary of the premaxilla and the maxilla in the upper jaw.

• Lingual salt glands

Crocodiles and gharials also differ from alligators and caimans in having functioning salt glands on their tongue. Structurally, these are actually modified salivary glands, and while alligators and caimans also have these structures they appear to have lost the ability to use them for excreting significant amounts of salt. This makes crocodiles more tolerant to life in saline water, including sea water in some species. Moreover, it suggests that crocodiles have a more recent marine ancestry: the ability to migrate across wide marine bodies, and even live there for extended periods, would certainly explain their current wide distribution across different continents. If ancestral species could live in marine environments, this ability has not been completely lost in modern crocodiles. Species such as saltwater crocodiles (C. porosus) can survive for extended periods in tidal estuaries, around the coast, and even out to sea. Alligators and caimans have lost much of this osmotic ability to secrete excess salt through the tongue glands, and can only tolerate it for short periods of time, prefering to remain in freshwater areas when possible. However, it is not unknown for large alligators to find their way into tidal mangroves and very rarely into coastal areas.

• Integumentary sense organ

Both crocodiles and alligators have small, sensory pits dotted around the upper and lower jaws – take a close look on a photograph, and you’ll see small, black speckles almost like unshaven stubble. These are capable of detecting small pressure changes in water, and assist in locating and capturing prey. These were originally called ISOs, or Integumentary Sense Organs, although recent research has renamed them DPRs (Dermal Pressure Receptors). Crocodiles have similar organs covering virtually every scale on their body, but alligators and caimans only have those around the jaws. Although it’s been known for years that sense organs on the jaws are involved in pressure detection, nobody is quite sure what those organs covering the rest of the body in crocodiles actually do. They probably extend the sensory surface over the crocodile’s entire body, but previous researchers have suggested they may assist in chemical reception, or even salinity detection. The confusion lies over why crocodiles have them, but not alligators and caimans. Regardless of their role, they’re very good at telling apart crocodile skin from alligator skin. Crocodile and alligator skin wallets, handbags, boots etc are easy to tell apart – if the scales have a small spot or dimple close to the edge, you know the skin is from a crocodile and not an alligator or caiman. This is illustrated below – the alligator on the left does not have any sense organs, but the crocodile on the right does.

• Other differences

The above points are amongst the most obvious differences between crocodiles and alligators in terms of external appearance. However, each species is unique, and to list all the possible differences would be like comparing a jaguar with a lion. Differences in behaviour are also apparent. Most people regard crocodiles as more aggressive than alligators, and this is true of some species. For example, alligators are relatively docile next to saltwater crocodiles, but there are many species with many differerent kinds of behaviours and temperaments. A general rule that crocodiles are more aggressive than alligators just isn’t possible to make. Alligators can often reach at least 14 or 15 feet in length, which is larger than some crocodile species, but not others. The largest crocodile species is the saltwater crocodile, which can get to at least 17 or 18 feet – some rare individuals exceeding 20 feet after many years. The African dwarf crocodile, as a contrast, doesn’t grow larger than 4 or 5 feet.

The two images below show an exception to the “jaw shape” rule. The Indian mugger (Crocodylus palustris) breaks the crocodile convention of having narrow jaws – its jaws are superficially very similar in shape to those of an alligator, although the fourth lower tooth is still visible. When all the above criteria are considered, the mugger is definitely a crocodile. Always bear the details in mind when faced with general questions like what’s the difference between crocodiles and alligators. As you can hopefully see, the simple answer is not always the most interesting!

BUKU

• HASAN AL BANNA

1. Antara Semalam Dan Hari Ini.pdf
2. detik.pdf
3. Syarah Usul 20.pdf
4. Usul 20.pdf

ISLAM DAN SAINS

KEAJAIBAN SAINS DI DALAM ALQURAN

meninjau perkembangan janin insan

Orang-orang barat dewasa ini sedang bersungguh-sungguh mempertikaikan keserasian di antara agama dan sains. Boleh dikatakan tidak munasabah bagi seorang pemikir barat untuk menerima hakikat boleh ada satu titik pertemuan di antara agama dan sains. Kitab Bible yang diimani orang Kristian mempercayai kononnya pokok yang mana Nabi Adam ‘alaihissalam telah memakan buahnya ialah Pokok Ilmu. Justeru, selepas memakan buahnya, Nabi Adam ‘alaihissalam mendapat ilmu yang tidak baginda ‘alaihissalam ketahui sebelum itu. Disebabkan perkara inilah Eropah membazirkan 2 kurun bertelingkah dan berdebat samada mahu atau tidak menerima ilmu sains daripada orang-orang Islam.

Pihak Gereja memfatwakan bahawa usaha mengkaji ilmu sains adalah punca kepada dosa asal (‘original sin’) Nabi Adam ‘alaihissalam. Mereka memberikan bukti-bukti bersumberkan Kitab Injil Perjanjian Lama (‘Old Testament’) yang menceritakan bahawa dengan memakan buah dari pohon terlarang itulah Nabi Adam ‘alaihissalam telah mendapat ilmu. Lantas Allah subhanahuwata’ala murka kepadanya dan tidak mahu mengampunkannya. Justeru, suatu masa lampau pihak gereja menganggap ilmu sains sebagai suatu perkara yang perlu dijauhi.

Akhirnya apabila golongan tidak-percayakan-tuhan (‘free-thinkers’) dan ahli-ahli sains dari barat berjaya mengekang kuasa gereja, mereka membalas dendam dengan mengambil sikap yang bertentangan dan sekaligus mengurangkan pengaruh ugama. Mereka membuat semua perkara yang keterlaluan demi menjayakan usaha mengekang kuasa gereja dan mengurangkan pengaruhnya supaya menjadi kecil dan tidak penting lagi.
Justeru, jika and membincangkan isu agama dan sains dengan seorang orang barat, dia akan terpinga-pinga. Mereka tidak tahu apa itu Islam. Mereka tidak tahu bahawa Islam amat menghormati ilmu dan para cendikiawan; bahawa Islam menganggap para ahli ilmu sebagai saksi bersama-sama dengan malaikat tentang hakikat bahawa tiada tuhan melainkan Allah. Perkara ini dijelaskan oleh Allah subhanahuwata’aala sebagaimana firmannya (surah 3: ayat 18) bermaksud:

“Allah menerangkan (kepada sekalian makhlukNya dengan dalil-dalil dan bukti), bahawasanya tiada Tuhan (yang berhak disembah) melainkan Dia, Yang sentiasa mentadbirkan (seluruh alam) dengan keadilan, dan malaikat-malaikat serta orang-orang yang berilmu (mengakui dan menerangkan juga yang demikian); tiada Tuhan (yang berhak disembah) melainkan Dia; Yang Maha Kuasa, lagi Maha Bijaksana.”Dan Allah s.w.t Yang Maha Agung dan Maha Suci juga berfirman (surah 47: ayat 19) bermaksud:”Oleh itu, maka tetapkanlah pengetahuanmu dan keyakinanmu (wahai Muhammad) bahawa sesungguhnya tiada Tuhan yang berhak disembah melainkan Allah, dan mintalah ampun kepadaNya bagi salah silap yang engkau lakukan, dan bagi dosa-dosa orang-orang yang beriman- lelaki dan perempuan; dan (ingatlah), Allah mengetahui akan keadaan gerak-geri kamu (di dunia) dan keadaan penetapan kamu (di akhirat).”

Al-Quran dengan jelas menyatakan sebab mengapa Adam alaihissalam. itu lebih diutamakan berbanding malaikat-malaikat ialah kerana ilmu yang Allah subhanahuwata ‘ala berikan kepadanya. Kisah-kisah di dalam al-Quran bercanggah dengan kisah-kisah Bible. Umat Islam percaya keaslian Injil telah diubah. Menurut al-Quran, hakikat bahawa Adam alaihissalam diberikan ilmu merupakan satu penghormatan dan bukannya punca baginda ‘alaihissalam dibuang dari Syurga. Justeru, jika kita berbincang tentang Islam dan sains dengan pemikir barat, mereka lebih menjurus untuk berdebat dengan andaian yang sama dengan pandangan agama mereka (Kristian) terhadap ilmu itu. Oleh kerana itu, pemikir barat merasa amat terkejut bila mereka didedahkan dengan fakta-fakta dari al-Quran dan Hadis.Salah seorang daripada mereka ialah Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson, Pengerusi Jabatan ‘Obstetrics’ dan ‘Gynecology’ (Kajian Janin), dan Profesor di bidang molekul dan Genetik Manusia di Kolej Perubatan Baylor, Houston, Amerika Syarikat. Ketika pertama kali bertemu beliau, Profesor Simpson bertegas untuk mengesahkan  ayat-ayat al-Quran dan Hadis. Namun, kami telah berjaya meyakinkan beliau. Kami bentangkan kepadanya ayat-ayat al-Quran yang membincangkan tentang perkembangan janin. Kami buktikan kepadanya bahawa al-Quran menyatakan tentang pembentukan kromosom (‘chromose’) dan daya-pewarisan (‘hereditary’) hanya berlaku setelah benih (dari air mani) bercantum dengan telur wanita (‘ovum’). Sebagaimana yang kita tahu, ‘chromosome’ sememangnya menentukan bentuk fizikal yang akan diwarisi oleh bayi itu nanti seperti warna mata, kulit, rambut, dan sebagainya.Justeru, banyak keadaan yang akan diwarisi oleh seseorang manusia sudahpun ditetapkan di dalam kromosomnya. Kromosom ini mula terbentuk ketika peringkat awal lagi (peringkat ‘nutfah’) dalam pembentukan janin. Dengan kata lain, bentuk dan keadaan seorang manusia sudahpun ditetapkan ketika peringkat awal lagi- peringkat ‘nutfah’. Allah subhanahuwata’ala Yang Maha Suci dan Maha Agung menyatakan fakta ini di dalam al-Quran (Surah Abasa, 80: ayat 17-19) bermaksud:

“Binasalah hendaknya manusia (yang Ingkar) itu, betapa besar kekufurannya? (Tidakkah ia memikirkan) dari apakah ia diciptakan oleh Allah?- Dari air mani diciptakanNya, serta dilengkapkan keadaannya dengan persediaan untuk menjadi bertanggungjawab”.

Ketika 40 hari didalam kandungan, semua anggota badan dan organ-organ telah dibentuk secara berperingkat-peringkat. Kita boleh melihat di dalam gambarajah 2.1 bahawa organ-organ mula dibentuk dan diatur, dan janin itu nampak seperti terpusing. Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. bersabda yang bermaksud:

“Untuk setiap kamu, bahagian-bahagian tubuh kamu dibentuk di dalam rahim ibu kamu dalam masa 40 hari” (Riwayat Sahih Muslim dan Al-Bukhari).

Di dalam hadis yang lain, Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. bersabda bermaksud:

“Selepas 42 malam daripada (‘nutfah’-air mani), Allah menghantar malaikatnya yang akan membentukkan telinga, mata, kulit, daging, dan tulang. Kemudian dia akan bertanya, “Ya Allah, adakah ia lelaki atau perempuan?” dan Allah akan menentukan jantinanya sebagaimana yang Dia suka”(Riwayat Muslim).

Profesor Simpson mengkaji dua Hadis in dengan tekun dan sememangnya beliau tahu bahawa ketika 40 hari pertama kandungan ialah peringkat janin-genetik yang sudah dapat dicamkan pembentukannya. Beliau amat takjub dengan ketepatan dua hadis ini. Di dalam satu persidangan yang dihadirinya beliau memberikan pendapat ini: Dua Hadis itu telah memberikan satu jadual secara terperinci mengenai perkembangan janin sebelum 40 hari. Sebagaimana yang telah pun disebut oleh penceramah lain, dua hadis ini tidak mungkin disabdakan berdasarkan pengetahuan sains yang ada ketika itu.Profesor Simpson menyatakan bahawa agama boleh memandu usaha pencarian ilmu. Namun, pihak barat sebagaimana yang kita bincangkan tadi menolak kemungkinan ini. Dan kini sudah ada seorang ahli sains Amerika yang yakin bahawa agama, khasnya yang bernama Islam, boleh mempertemukan agama dan ilmu dengan jayanya. Sebagai perbandingan, bayangkan anda pergi ke sebuah kilang dan anda membawa bersama buku panduan tentang kilang itu. Sudah tentu anda dapat memahami perjalanan kilang itu dengan senang disebabkan anda ada buku panduannya. Tanpanya, ,mungkin sukar untuk anda memahami perjalanan kilang berkenaan.Profesor Simpson berkata: Justeru, saya berpendapat bukan hanya tiada percanggahan antara fakta genetik dan agama, tetapi lebih dari itu agama boleh memandu sains dengan adanya wahyu-wahyu Tuhan yang boleh menolong dalam pengkajian sains. Memang ada ayat-ayat al-Quran yang terbukti benar oleh penemuan sains. Ini membuktikan ilmu di dalam al-Quran itu datangnya dari Allah.Itu sememangnya benar. Seharusnya umat Islam memulakan pengkajian ilmu dan mereka berupaya mengangkat ilmu ke tempat yang sepatutnya. Lebih-lebih lagi umat Islam tahu bagaimana menggunakan ilmu untuk membuktikan keujudan Allah Yang Maha Besar dan Maha Suci dan mengesahkan kerasulan Nabi Muhammad sallalahualaihiwasallam.Allah subhanahuwata’ala berfirman yang bermaksud:

“Kami akan perlihatkan kepada mereka tanda-tanda kekuasan Kami di merata-rata tempat (dalam alam yang terbentang luas ini) dan pada diri mereka sendiri, sehingga ternyata jelas kepada mereka bahawa Al-Quran adalah benar. Belumkah ternyata kepada mereka kebenaran itu dan belumkah cukup (bagi mereka) bahawa Tuhanmu mengetahui dan meyaksikan tiap-tiap sesuatu?”(Surah Fussilat, 41: Ayat 53)

Setelah menyedari melalui contoh-contoh keajaiban sains di dalam al-Quran dan daripada maklumbalas para saintis sendiri, marilah kata tanya beberapa soalan ini:a) Adakah satu kebetulan sahaja bahawa penemuan terbaru sains di pelbagai bidang itu telah dinyatakan dengan tepat tentangnya di dalam Al-Quran?b) Mungkinkah al-Quran itu ditulis oleh Nabi Muhammad sallalahu’alaihiwasallam  atau oleh suatu yang bukan-manusia?Hanya ini sahaja jawapan yang munasabah: al-Quran itu adalah perkataan Allah subhanahuwataala yang diwahyukanNya. Al-Quran ialah perkataan-perkataan Allah secara langsung (‘literal’) yang Dia wahyukan kepada nabiNya Muhammad sallalahu’alaihiwasallam melalui malaikat Jibrail alaihissalam. Nabi Muhammad sallalahu’alaihiwasallam menghafal wahyu-wahyu itu. Kemudiannya sahabat-sahabat baginda sallalahu’alaihiwasallam pula menghafal ayat-ayat itu, menulisnya dan mengulang-kaji hafalan mereka dengan Nabi Muhammad sallalahu’alaihiwasallam.Selain daripada itu, Nabi Muhammad sallalahu’alaihiwasallam mengulang-kaji hafalan al-Quran itu dengan malaikat Jibaril alaihissalam setiap tahun di bulan Ramadan. Di tahun terakhir hidupnya, baginda mengulangkaji hafalan dengan Jibrail sallalahu’alaihiwasallam sebanyak dua kali. Sejak dari hari Al-Quran diwahyukan sehingga ke hari ini, ramai orang-orang Islam yang menghafal kesemua ayat-ayat Al-Quran, perkataan demi perkataan. Sesetengahnya berupaya menghafal al-Quran ketika berumur 10 tahun lagi. Justeru, bukan suatu yang pelik bila ditegaskan bahawa tiada satu pun isi al-Quran yang telah berubah sejak zaman berzaman sehinggalah sekarang.Al-Quran yang diturunkan 14 kurun yang lalu telah menyatakan dengan tepat fakta-fakta yang baru sahaja ditemui oleh ahli sains. Ini jelas membuktikan Al-Quran itu adalah firman-firman Allah yang diwahyukan olehNya kepada Nabi Muhammad sallalahu’alaihiwasallam Selain dari itu, ia juga membuktikan Nabi Muhammad sallalahu’alaihiwasallam adalah seorang Rasul dan Nabi yang diutuskan Allah subhanahuwata’ala.Tidak munasabah untuk mengatakan seseorang manusia pada 1400 tahun lalu tahu tentang penemuan sains yang hanya ditemui hari ini dengan pertolongan alat-alat canggih dan kaedah-kaedah yang sukar

Kumpulan Puisi Chairil Anwar

Puisi Chairil Anwar

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1. seribu tahun lagi
2. Selamat tinggal
3. Malam
4. Hampa
5. Mirat Muda,Chairl Muda
6. Do’a
7. Rumahku
8. Penerimaan
9. Nisan
10. Yang Terampas Dan Yang Putus
11. Persetujuan Dengan Bung Karno
12. Maju
13. Malam Di Pegunungan
14. Sajak Putih
15. Cerita Buat Dien Tamela
16. Senja Di Pelabuhan Kecil
17. Derai-Derai Cemara
18. Dengan Mirat
19. Aku Berada Kembali
20. Perajurit Jaga Malam
21. Diponegoro
22. Aku
23. Karawang bekasi
24. Cintaku Jauh Di Pulau

Kumpulan Puisi Emha Ainun Najib

Puisi Emha Ainun Najib

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5. Dari Bentang Langit
6. Tahajjud Cintaku
7. Ketika Engkau Bersembahyang
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Kumpulan Puisi WS Rendra

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1. Sajak Seorang Tua Tentang Bandung Lautan Api
2. Sajak Kenalan Lamamu
3. Lagu Seorang Geriliya
4. Hai,Kamu
5. Orang-Orang Miskin
6. Note Bene_Aku Kangen
7. Doa Seorang Serdadu Sebelum Berperang
8. Sajak Mata-Mata
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10. Sajak Seorang Tua Di Bawah Pohon
11. Sajak Bulan Mei 1998 Di Indonesia
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13. Sajak Sebotol Bir
14. Sajak Pulau Bali
15. Sajak Anak Muda
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17. Sajak Bulan Purnama
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21. Geriliya
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23. Sajak Seonggok Jagung
24. Sajak Gadis Dan Majikan
25. Sajak Joki Tobing Untuk Widuri
26. Majmur Mawar
27. Sajak Widuri Untuk Joki Tobing
28. Pamplet Cinta
29. Lagu Serdadu
30. Gugur
31. Tahanan
32. Sajak Tangan
33. Sajak Burung-Burung Kondor
34. Aku Tulis Pamplet Ini
35. Sajak Seorang Tua Untuk Istrinya
36. Sajak Pertemuan Mahasiswa

Andawali (Tinospora crispa)

Anthony C. Dweck FLS FRSC FRSH

Technical Editor

and

Jean-Pierre Cavin

Managing Director E.U.K.

Contact Jean-Pierre Cavin at E.U.K., 25, rue Georges Bizet, 92000 Nanterre, France. Tel : 33 (0)1 42 42 05 05, Fax : 33 (0)1 42 42 32 02

Introduction

This plant has been known in the west since the beginning of the last century and one of the first references we found was in a very old and revered reference book. It had not surfaced in the 15^th edition of 1883 but it was in the 20^th.

The Dispensatory of the United States of America. 20th edition. 1918.

“Tinospora. Br. Add. 1900.—”The dried stem of Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Fam. Menispermaceae), collected in the hot season.” Br. Add., 1900. Tinospora has long been used in India as a medicine and in the preparation of a starch known as gilae-ka-sat or as palo. It is said to be a tonic, antiperiodic, and a diuretic. Flückiger obtained from it traces of an alkaloid and a bitter glucoside. The Br. Add., 1900, recognized an infusion (Infusum Tinosporae Br. Add., 1900, two ounces to the pint), dose one-half to one fluidounce (15-30 mils); a tincture (Tinctura Tinosporae Br. Add., 1900, four ounces to the pint), dose, one-half to one fluidrachm (1.8-3.75 mils); and a concentrated solution [Liquor Tinosporae Concentratus Br. Add., 1900), dose, one-half to one fluidrachm (1.8-3.75 mils). Tinospora crispa Miers (more), which is abundant in the Philippines, is used freely by the natives under the name of makabuhay (that is, "You may live"), as a panacea, especially valuable in general debility, in chronic rheumatism, and in malarial fevers. It may be prepared in the same way and given in the same doses as Tinospora cordifolia.” [Wood et al]

It was still in the 23^rd edition.

This plant has many traditional uses for the treatment of the skin and would make an excellent addition to skin care products for the mature woman between 40 and 60 who wants to maintain her beauty.

Names

The accepted name is Tinospora crispa but there are numerous synonyms Menispermum crispum Linn., Menispermum rimosum Blanco, Tinospora

cordifolia F.-Vill., Cocculus cordifolius Walp., Cocculus villosus DC. Tinospora crispa (L.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms., Tinospora tuberculata, Tinospora rumphii, Cocculus crispum, Menispermum tuberculatum, Menispermum verrucosum (N.O._Menispermaceae)

Description

A climber found in tropical and subtropical India and parts of the Far East, and in primary rainforests or mixed deciduous forests throughout the Philippines; in tropical Asia at altitudes up to 1000 metres this tropical liana (woody) with shiny green leaf is also widely distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia (and Borneo), Thailand and Vietnam.

Local names

Local names: Makabúhai (Tag., Bis., Ilk.); paliaban (Bis.); panauan (Bis.); pangiauan. (Bis.) ; pangiauban (Bis.); sangaunau (Bag.); taga-nagtagua (Bis.). [Quisumbing], Hindi: dier, faridbuti. Tel: dooara-tiga. Beng: huya [Drury]. Sans- jaliamni: patalagarudi; vasanavalli; vanatiktika. Hind.: faridbel; jamtike bet. Ben.: huyer. Mah.: vasanvel; tana. Guj.: patalagalori. Duk.: jamti-ka gratta. Tam.: kattuk-kodi. Tel.: chipuru-tige; kattle-ti. Can.: dagadi. [Nadkarni], paliahan (Bisaya). Tamil: kattukkodi, Telugu: chipuru-tige ; kattle-ti, Malayalam: dagadi, Kannada: vasanvel ; tana, Marathi: faridbel; jamtike bel. Indonesia: bratawali, andawali, putrawali, daun gade. Thai :, boraphet ,wan kab hoi yai

Chemical composition

The whole plant contains a bitter principle, colombine, 2.22%; traces of an alkaloid; and a glucoside. It also contains an amorphous bitter principle, picroretine, and traces of berberine. Later, from the root-bark a bitter principle (which is not a glucoside) and some alkaloid was isolated.

Picroretine was isolated from the leaves with traces of an alkaloid, and a substance similar to glycyrrhizin. In the Philippines it was reported that the bitter, aqueous extract of the stem does not contain an alkaloid, but they found amorphous and resinous substances. When the plant was re-examined it was concluded that it contains berberine, a glucoside and a bitter principle which was glucosidal in nature.

There are also two alkaloids are present, tinosporine and tinosporidine, though later studies did not confirm these. [Quisumbing]. According to another author there is a resin, two principles possessing the properties of alkaloids, but differing in certain points from each other, and an acid; resin, yellowish-green and soft, of fragrant odour like that of Tolu balsam and soluble in benzene [Nadkarni].

Bergenin a new antioxidant and free radical scavenging agent has been isolated. [http://www.rrljammu.org/rnd_groups/Pharmacology/activities/isolation_and_characterization_of_marker.htm ( Indian; 1099/DEL/2001)].

Three compounds, identified as N-cis-feruloyltyramine, N-trans-feruloyltyramine and secoisolariciresinol, exhibiting antioxidant and radical scavenging properties towards β-carotene and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, were isolated from the CH₂Cl₂ extract of stems of T. crispa (collected from Indonesia) [Cavin et al].

Two triterpenes from the stems of Tinospora crispa (collected in Supanburi, Thailand), namely cycloeucalenol and cycloeucalenone [Kongkathip et al].

Fig.1 Apigenin (a flavonoid)

Tinospora crispa stem contains: flavone O-glycosides (apigenin), picroretoside, berberine,

palmatine, picroretine, and resin.

Five flavonoids were newly isolated from T. crispa stems, collected from Serdang. [Umi Kalsom et al]

Parts Used

Root and leaves.

The root is bitter and acrid; sudorific, alterative, laxative and demulcent; and is used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. It is antiperiodic in fevers, tonic, alterative and diuretic [Nadkarni].

Folkore and ethnopharmaceutical uses

In Java (Indonesia) the main products of traditional medicine, called jamu, come from different parts of more than 120 species, such as Pluchea indica (bluntas), Graptophyllum pictum (daun wungu), Zingiber officinale (jahe), and Tinospora crispa (brotowali).

An ethnic Group in Sabah (Borneo), the Murut community, traditionally uses Tinospora crispa to treat diabetes, hypertension, and lumbago. [Fasihuddin]

Traditionally used in Thai traditional medicine, Tinospora crispa is one ingredient in Thai folk remedies for maintaining good health. A decoction of the stems, leaves and roots is used to treat fever, cholera, diabetes, rheumatism and snake-bites, an infusion of the stem is drunk as a vermifuge, a decoction of the stem is used for washing sore eyes and syphilitic sores, the crushed leaves are applied on wounds and made into poultice for itch. Also it reduces thirst, internal inflammation, and increases appetite.

The drug (stem) is registered in the Thailand Pharmacopoeia, and commonly use in hospital to treat diabetes.

In Vietnam the southern pharmacopoeia was developed and adapted in the 14th century by the monk Tue Tinh, to treat Vietnamese for diseases common to the tropics, while keeping the principles of Chinese medicine and blending into it the qualities of southern plants known to traditional popular medicine. To treat Malaria they use the Tinospora crispa described by Dr Sallet (1930): “bitter vine, held as vine-quinine”, also called “vine with genie’s intelligence” (day than thong).

In general folklore, the stem decoction is considered antipyretic, useful as an anti-malarial and a wash for skin ulcers. Traditionally an infusion is used to treat fever due to malaria and also in cases of jaundice and for use against intestinal worms. The antimalarial effect was confirmed in a study [Rahman et al]. A decoction of the stems, leaves and roots is used to treat fever, cholera, diabetes, rheumatism and snake-bites. An infusion of the stem is drunk as a vermifuge. A decoction of the stem is used for washing sore eyes and syphilitic sores. The crushed leaves are applied on wounds and made into poultice for itch. [http://www.frim.gov.my/tu/tinospora.htm]

The Filipinos and Malays consider this vine as a universal medicine. It is the most popular of local medicinal plants. Makabühai, the common Tagalog name, means “to give life”. It is commonly prescribed as an aqueous extract in the treatment of stomach trouble, indigestion and diarrhoea. It is the basis of a popular preparation, which is used as a cordial, or an ingredient in cocktails. It is also an effective remedy in the treatment of tropical ulcers. In powder form, it is prescribed in fevers. A preparation with coconut oil is an effective cure for rheumatism and also for flatulence of children (kabag). [Quisumbing]

A decoction of the fresh root mixed with pepper and goat’s milk is given for rheumatism, where the dose is half a pint (in doses of two to four ounces according to another author under chronic rheumatism and syphilitic cachexia) every morning. It is said to be laxative and sudorific. When under this treatment the natives make a curry of the leaves, which they recommend to their patients. The leaves when agitated in water render it mucilaginous and is then sweetened with sugar and drunk when freshly made (half a pint taken twice-a-day). This is given for the cure of gonorrhoea [Drury] and is said to soothe the smarting and scalding [Nadkarni]. It is also used externally as a cooling and soothing application in prurigo, eczema, impetigo, etc.

If allowed to stand for a few minutes, the mucilaginous parts separate, contract and float in the centre. “Leaving the water clear like Madeira wine, and almost tasteless”. [Drury]

Decoction of the root in combination with ginger and sugar is given in cases of bilious dyspepsia and in cases of fevers with other bitters and aromatics. Roots rubbed with bonduc nuts in water are given for stomachache, especially in children [Nadkarni].

Indonesians use an infusion of the stems to treat fevers and malaria. They can also be used to treat stomachache and jaundice. The infusion is also useful in fevers caused by smallpox and cholera. Another popular use of this infusion is in a mixture for treating indigestion.

Medicinal use

The efficacy of Tinospora crispa extract for the treatment of diabetes has previously been verified in animal models. The results showed that the antihyperglycaemic effect is not due to interference with intestinal glucose uptake or uptake of the sugar into the peripheral cells and that the antihyperglycaemic effect of T. crispa is probably due to stimulation of insulin release via modulation of beta-cell Ca₂₊ concentration. That the insulinotropic effect of T. crispa is physiological suggests that the extract contains compounds which could be purified for use in the treatment of type II diabetes [Noor et al].

Tinospora crispa is as effect an appetite enhancer as compared against the reference drug megestrol acetate [Sartori et al].

The cycloeucalenol and cycloeucalenone present in the stems produced mild cardiotonic effects [Kongkathip et al].

Method of preparation and dosage

Boil chopped stem, 30 g fresh or 25 g dried, in 3 glasses of water for 20 minutes. Strain. Take ½ glass of the decoction twice a day before meals.

Cosmetic effects

“Andrographis paniculata (Fah-ta-lai-jone) and Tinospora crispa (Bo-ra-ped) are commonly used in Thai herbal medicine for the relief of symptoms associated with fever and infection. In vivo animal experimental study (at a high dose level) has also demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect”.

In cosmetics Tinospora crispa can be used externally for its strong anti-oxidant and antiradical properties. Flavonoids (amongst them apigenin) are best known for their ability to act as powerful anti-oxidants, and also have anti-allergic and antiviral properties.

Contraindications

Bitter taste not agreeable to most people. Avoid giving to pregnant women and nursing mothers.

Toxicological studies

Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Tinospora crispa stem in mice showed that the extract at the highest oral dose of 4.0 g/kg of body weight (g/kg BW), which was equivalent to powdered crude drug 28, 95 g/kg BW, did not produce any signs of toxicity. The results of the chronic toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Tinospora crispa suggested that, due to the hepato-toxic and renal toxic potential of the extract observed in rats, prolonged use of high doses of T. crispa in humans should be avoided or if signs of liver or renal toxicities occur while using T. crispa - containing herbal medicine, the drug should be discontinued immediately. [Pranee et al].

Oral toxicity: Not considered as toxic (DL 50 oral/rats > 40 g/kg)

Skin irritation: Not irritant

Skin sensitisation: Not sensitising

References

Cavin, A., Hostettmann, K., Dyatmyko, W., Potterat, O.: Antioxidant and lipohilic constituents of Tinospora crispa. Planta Medica1998 64 5 393-396 Indonesia. Institut de Pharmacognosie et de Phytochimie, B.E.P., Universite de Lausanne, CH-1015 Dorigny, Switzerland.

Drury, Colonel Heber: The useful plants of India; with notices of their chief medicinal value in commerce, medicine and the arts. Higginbotham and Co. Madras. 1873. ISBN No. not available.

Fasihuddin B. Ahmad. Medicinal Plants used by various Ethnic Groups in Sabah, Malaysian, Borneo, Faculty of Resource Science and technology, Universiti Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia

Kongkathip, N.; Dhumma-upakorn, P.; Kongkathip, B.; Chawananoraset, K.; Sangchomkaeo, P.; Hatthakitpanichakul, S.: Study on cardiac contractility of cycloeucalenol and cycloeucalenone isolated from Tinospora crispa.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1/2, 83, 2002, p.95-99

Nadkarni, K.M., Nadkarni, A.K.: Indian Materia Medica – with Ayurvedic, Unani-Tibbi, Siddha, Allopathic, Homeopathic, Naturopathic and Home remedies. Vol.1. 1999. Popular Prakashan Private Ltd., Bombay, India. ISBN No. 81-7154-142-9.

Noor H, Ashcroft SJ.: Pharmacological characterisation of the antihyperglycaemic properties of Tinospora crispa extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Aug;62(1):7-13.

Pranee Chavalittumrong, Aimmanus Attawish, Anchalee Chuthaputti, Pranee Chuntapet: Toxicological study of crude extract of Tinospora crispa Mier ex Hook F.& Thoms. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1997; 21(4): 199-210

Quisumbing, Eduardo: Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Company. JMC PRESS, Quezon City, Philippines. 1978. ISBN No. unknown.

Rahman, N. N. N. A., Furuta, T., Kojima, S., Takane, K., Mustafa Ali Mohd, Antimalarial activity of extracts of Malaysian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1999,64,3,249-254, Malaysia. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sartori, Brooke, Swift, Linda: Effect of Tinospora crispa and megestrol acetate on appetite in mice. Journal of Biological Research, Vol.4 (2003) [Hartwick http://www.hartwick.edu/x7198.xml]

Skinner Anne N. The immunosuppressive effect of Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora crispa on antigen-specific T-cell activation. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Kusumarn Noipha, 1996

Umi Kalsom, Y; Noor, H. Flavone O-glycosides from Tinospora crispa. Fitoterapia (1995) 66(3): 280. [En, 3 ref.] Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, University Pertanian Malaysia 43400, Serdang, Selangor, D.E., Malaysia.

Wood , Horatio and Remington, Joseph: The Dispensatory of the United States of America. 20th edition. 1918. J.B.Lippincott & Co.

cara mengatasi sesak napas

Anda sering mengalami sesak nafas / hyperventilasi, maka untuk mengatasinya ;

- tutuplah dengan kedua belah tangan anda mulut dan hidung
anda ( dgn keadaan kedua telapak tangan mencekung)
kemudian lakukanlah ini ;
tariklah nafas dari mulut- hembuskan – dan hiruplah kembali
dengan hidung anda.
lakukanlah secara perlahan-lahan dan berkali-kali, sampai
anda merasa sendiri, anda tidak lagi sesak nafas dan
menjadi tenang.

tehnik ini adalah cara mengaktifkan kembali jalan darah
yang kekurangan oksigen didalamnya, dimana otak
kekurangan suplay oksigen.

Tetapi kalau anda berpenyakit asma, maka tehnik ini tidak berlaku.

by : DELLA ANNA the Campanulla

http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071113050715AATjOFG

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